Chinmi Thawhkehnak Le Vahvaihnak Hmunram I, Salai R. Lahnim

1. Introduction

Hi paper ah hin mifim le cathiam hna nih hi vawleicung i minung kan thawhkehnak kong he pehtlaiin ruahnak an rak ngeihmi kan chim lai. Cun, Chinmi nih kan rak thohkehnak i kan ruahmi hna zong kan chim lai i cu bantuk kan ruahnak hna zong cu cohlan awktlak an rak si le si lo kan zoh hna lai. Chin miphun kan si bantukin kan tonhngalhmi le mifim le cathiam hna nih an rak hmuhmi le an rak ruahmi hna cherhchan in Chin miphun thohkehnak si ding i kan ruahmi tete hna zong hlathlainak kan tuah hna lai.

A zei a si khom ah, hi bantukin Chinmi kan thohkehnak kong he pehtlaiin khua kan ruah tinak nih hin pumpak caah si seh, kan miphun le ram caah si seh, atu kan dirhmun ca hrimrhim ah hin, thil tha a chuahpi ko lai tiah hnabeiseinak kan ngei. Cu bantukin hnabeiseinak kan ngeihmi cu pumpak in si seh, miphun ning in si seh, lamhruaitu le thutdir ningcang a kan chimtu i kan hman khawh kha a biapi ngaingai. Hi vawleicung caan dihlei i aa sersiam cuahmah mi kan Chin miphun caah hin hmanrua biapi ngaingai a si kan zumh fawn

2.Theories of Origin

Minung thohkehnak he pehtlaiin mifim le cathiam hna nih ruahnak an ngeihmi pahnih le Chin miphun thohkehnak kong he pehtlaiin ruahnak pahnih Chinmi nih kan rak ngeihmi hna kan chim hmasa hna lai.

2.1. The Origin of The Man: Creation Theory ning cun Khuazing nih vawlei in minung le saram a kan ser (Gen 2:7; Gen 2: 19); cuticun milem cu a hnar ah “nunnak thaw” a chuah hnawh (Gen 2:7) i minung a hong si, minung cu van i vate hna le ti i rannung hna le saram vialte hna cungah nawlngeitu le vawlei a luahtu bik a hong si ti kan hmuh (Gen 1:26; Gen 1:28). Evolution Theory tu nih cun minung cu zawng “primate” in a rak i semmi a si tiah a ti ve (Conroy 1997:4; NEB 16:977). Asinain, Theory of Evolution nih hin nihinni tiang nunnak cu zeitindah a rung um timi biathli hi fiang tein a leh khawh ti kan thei lo; minung cu zawng “primate” in a rak i sem timi zumhnak zong cu a diknak a langhter khawh ti kan thei rih lo. Azei paoh cu va si ko seh law, tulio fimthiamnak hmangin minung nehnang an cawnnak ah ruahnak phun hnih a hong chuak i cucu kan zoh rih hna lai.

2.1.1. The Uniregional Model: Mifim le mithiam pawl nih Africa ram i minung ruhro an hmuhmi tha tein an cawn hnuah vawleicung i minung hi Africa ram in aa sem i cuticun vawleicung hmunza kip i vakvaimi an si lai tiah zumhnak an ngei (Fagan 2004:101-102; Conroy 1997:403). Hi pinah hin, Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe le New Guinea ram in minu 182 mitochondrial DNA an cawnnak in an hmuhmi cu cherhchan ah an hman fawn (Fagan 2004:104-105).

2.1.2. The Multiregional Model: Kum 1927 ah Beijing khualipi in meng 30 i a hlatnak ah a ummi Zhoukoudian hmun ah minung ruhro an hmuh. Cu hnuah cun China ram chung hmun kenkip ah cu bantuk minung ruhro cu an hmuhchap lengmang. Hi bantukin minung ruhro upa ngaimi an van hmuh hna tikah Africa ram in minung kan i sem rua tiah an rak zumhnak cu elhnial hram a van i thok. East Asia i minung ruhro le nehnang an cawnnak in hmuhmi thil cu cherhchan ah hmangin Africa ram lawng si loin vawleicung hmun kenkip in minung an rak i sem timi cu an van zumh than (Roberts 2006:1). Mitochondrial DNA zong cu an zohfiannak a sauh rih lo caah tampi an zohfian rih lo ahcun zumh awktlak a si rih lai lo tiah a timi an um fawn (Fagan 2004:105-106).

2.2. The Origin of The Chins: Hlanlio kan pupa hna nih Chin miphun kan thohkehnak kong he pehtlaiin ruahnak an rak ngeih ciami a um; hnuhniang deuh ah ruahnak dang a rak chuakmi zong a um than rih. Cucaahcun, kanmah phak tawk tein kan pupa hna nih kan thohkehnak kong he pehtlaiin ruahnak an rak ngeihmi cu kan zohti tuah hna lai.

2.2.1. Chinlung Israel Theory: Hnuhniang deuh in ruahnak a rak chuakmi a um, kan pupa hna cu hlanhlio Israel ram chungum “Lais” khua in a rami an si lai tiah an zumh (Hengmang 2014:1; Sangcem 2015:49-50). An zumhnak ah cun “Dan mi” nih “Lais” khua an chim lioah ral tih ah khua chuahtakin China ram chim leiah an zam i cuka cun “Chinlung” khua an va dirh i cuka khua in a rak chuakmi cu kan si tiah an ti (Hengmang 2014:1; cf Ror 18:28-29). Cupinah, Isaiah 10:30 le I Samuel 25:44 ah “Laisa” timi biafang an hmuh caah mah cucu cherhchan ah an hmanchih fawn (Hengmang 2014:1).

Hi bantukin an zumh ning hi tha tein van zohthan tikah hi bantukin thil sining cu a rak si. Baibal nih “Lais” khua a timi hi Sidon khuapi pakhat min a si (McKenzie 2002:170). Khuapi hlun ngai a rak si i Baibal catial hmasa lei zong ah a rak lang cangmi a si (Gen 14:14); 1700 BC hrawnghrang i Egypt mi catial Excecration Text le Mari Text zong ah a rak lang cang (Chuauthuama 2012:207). Asinain, hi caan lio ah hin Tibeto-Burman, Chin miphun hringsortu i ruahmi “Chi’ang” miphun cu China ram ah an rak um diam cang i Shang Pennak (1766-1122 BC) zong hna an rak hnawh tawn hna (Cosmos 1999: 908). Dan mi nih “Lais” khua an chim hi Biaceihtu pawl chan lio a si i, 1290 BC hrawnghrang a si lai tiah mithiam hna nih n ruah (Chuauthuama 2012: 946). Hi caan lio lebang ah hin cun a kan hringsortu “Chi’ang” miphun cu Szichuan Province le a velchum i rak um diam cang ah ruah an si (Ebrey 2003:30). Cupinah, “Laisa” (Isa 10:30) timi biafang zong hi Benjamin ram um khua pakhat min menmen a si fawn; I Samuel 25:44 biafang “Laisa” timi tu hi cu pumpak min sawhsawh si dawh bik a si i a sullam cu “chiandeih” tinak a si (Chuauthuama 2012:716). Cucaahcun, Chin miphun a kan hringsortu hna hi “Lais” khuapi in a rami cu si dawhdang an si lo.

Hi vawleicung khuasa miphun hna nih hin minung kan si dih caah nunphung le sining aa lomi serchuah kan ngei hrimhrim lai timi cu zumh khawh a si. Cucaahcun, kannih Chin miphun zong nih hin Israel miphun he sining le nunphung aa lomi cheukhat kan ngei lai ti hi zumh a um. Saphaw casual a ngeimi kan sinak le sacek ei tawnmi kan sinak zong chim ding a um ko lai. Asinain, hi bantuk thil aa lomi tlawmpalte ruangah hin Israel miphun kan si tinak cu a si hrim lo. Israel miphun he hin muisam le nunphung zong ah kan i dang taktak timi hi kan hngalh a hau. Hi ruangah hin historian Patricia Ebrey (2003:35) lebang nih cun, “An thil thiammi hna, vawlei an hngalhning hna, an catial le holh kalning aa dang tukmi hna ruangah hin Chinese [Chi’ang] miphun hi, a zei ti lei hmanh in, [Israel] Middle East miphun hrinsor an si lo,” tiah a rak ti phah.

2.2.2. Chinlung Chuak Theory: Kan pupa hna nih khan kan tuanbia an rak chim tikah “Chinlung chuak kan si,” tiah a timi an rak um. Chinlung timi cu China ram um lungkua pakhat ah an rak ruah i cu hmun in a rami kan si tiah an chim theo (Liangkhai 2002:13; Zawla 2011:5-7; Sangcem 2015:53; Chawn Kio 2014: 9). Chin hrinsor Hmar miphun lak zong ah hi bantuk hin “Chinlung” an ngaihnak pupa hla kan hmuh khawh:

Kan sengna Sinlung ram hmingthang,
Ka nu ram, ka pa ram ngai,
Chawngzil ang ko kir thei chang sien,
Ka nu ram, ka pa ram ngai (cited in Sakhong 2003:2).

Chin hrinsor Hmar miphun rak thohkehnak cu [Chinlung] “Sinlung” ram minthang ngaimi a si tiah fiang tein kan hmuh. Chinlung cu Hmar pupa hna ram a rak sinak le kir than an duhnak kong kha hi hla nih hin a kan chimh fawn. Hi bantuk deuh hin Chin hrinsor Lai miphun lak zong ah kan rak thohkehnak Chinlung an philh khoh lonak pupa hla hmuh ding a um len:

Kan chuahnak Chinlungpi le,
Pheilek thihawi hna kha,
Zeitik philh hnga maw kan Lairam hin (Sangcem 2015:53).

I thei maw, Chinlung lian i min,
Ar zai ah Chin hngilh hlah in maw (cited in Hrekung 2015:29).

Hla kan van tialmi hna ah khin Chinlung cu kan pupa hna an rak thohkehnak ram a sining kha fiang tein hmuh khoh a si. Chinlung an rak ngaih ning, an philh khoh lo ning le an hawi Pheilek [Chinese] pawl an ngaih ning hna zong hmuh khoh a si fawn. Tha tein kan van zoh than tikah hi hla hna hi Chinlung an chuahtak hnu i an phuahmi lawng te si dawh bik an si hna; acheu cu Tibet an tlun hnu i an phuahmi le Chindwin nelrawn an phanh hnu i an phuahmi si dawh bik an si.

Chinlungpi cu hla i a langh ning ah cun lianngan ngaimi si dawh a si. A biapi ngaimi cu China ram he pehtlainak ngeih dawhdang ngaiin a lang fawn. Asinain, Chinlung cu zei set dah a si timi le khoika ah dah a um timi kha an i fiang set rua lo ti awkin a um. Hla i a langh ning ah hin cun Chinlung cu “ram” le “minung” si dawh ngai a si. Hla lawng ah hin si loin tuanbia lei zong ah kan pupa hna an rak chuahnak “Chinlung” cu a rak lang ve. Lai hrinsor hna lakin cu bantuk tuanbia cu Mara lei nih an rak ngei:

Hlanliopi ah hin vawlei hi muihnak nganpi “Khazanghra” chunmui nih a khuh hlanah hin, minung cu vawlei tang lungkua [Chinlung] pi in an rak chuak. Mara miphun thlahtu a chuakmi paoh nih cun an min cio kha an chim: Tlosai nih cun, “Tlosai ka si,” tiah a ti i Zyhno nih cun, “Zyhno ka si,” tiah a ti; Hawthai nih, “Hawthai ka si,” tiah a ti i Sabeu nih, “Sabeu ka si,” tiah a ti i Heima zong nih, “Heima ka si,” tiah a ti ve. Cuticun, Khuazing nih Mara cu an tam ngai cang rua tiah a ruah i lungkua cu a khar (Parry 1932:4).

Hi tuanbia nih Mara Laimi phun thohkehnak a chimmi hi Chin hrinsor Mizo (Lahnim 2015:2; Hengmang 2014:2) pawl nih an chuahkehnak an chim ning he aa lo ngaingai. Mara Lai pawl nih “Khazanghra” an timi hi Halkha Lai pawl nih cun “Chunmui” tiah an ti ve. Hi bantuk hin Chin hrinsor Mizo pawl zong nih tuanbia an rak ngei:

He thil rapthlak tak [Thimzing] lo thleng tur hi lal pakhat chuan a lo hre lawk a, a rohlu zawng zawng chu lungpui lianpui kawrawngah chuan a chheprelh zo vek a, lung bawkin a chhin leh ta a. Hei hi tun thlenga kan sawi thin Chinlung hi a ni. Nikhua a lo rei a, Chhinlung atang hian mi an lo piang chhuak leh ta a. Ralte nupa an lo chhuak ve a, an bengchheng dun ta hle mai a. Chhinlung vawngtu chuan an tam tawk tawhin a ring a, a khar leh ta a ni (Zawla 2011:1-2).

Kan pupa hna nih hi bantukin kan chuahkehnak kong he pehtlaiin an rak kan rohtakmi bia le hla pawl hi tha tein kan zoh tuah hna lai. Holh cawnnak lei i mithiam filor Sten Konow, Robert Shafer, Paul Benedict, James Matisoff le midang hna nih cun Chin miphun hna cu “Sino-Tibetan” holh chungkhar ah an kan chiah i cuka in aa sem thanmi “Tibeto-Burman” phu nan si tiah an kan ti (Grierson 1967; Vanbik 2009:1-9). Hi bantukin mithiam hna nih an kan chiah ning hi elhnialnak um loin vawleipi nih a pompi. Historian lianngan pipi nih Chin miphun cu Mongoloid miphun ah an kan chiah than rih (Chawn Kio 2014:8; Lalthanglian 2001:2). Hi zong hi aho nih elhnial awk a tha lo.

Hi bantukin thil a si tung ahcun Tibeto-Burman holhrin a hmangtu le Mongoloid miphun pawl chuahkehnak cu China ram a si tinak a si (Grierson 1967:42; Lalathanglian 2001:2). Tibeto-Burman holh le Chin miphun holh hna nih hin biafang aa lomi “lexical correspondence” an ngeih that pinah awthluai aa lomi “phonological correspondence” an ngei tha ngai. Hi lawng hi si loin biatlang sersiam ning “syntactic pattern” zong aa khatmi an ngei fawn. Cupinah, Tibeto-Burman holh a hmangtu hna he hin, kan mit le hnar umdan ah si seh, kan lu le sam umdan ah si seh, kan vun rong umdan ah si seh, kan pumrua umtu ning hrimhrim ah hin, Chin miphun hi pakhat kan rak si (Grierson 1967:41; Lalthanglian 2001:3). Hi bantuk thil sining vialte hun ruah tikah hin Chin miphun cu China ramin a rami kan si ti hi lungawtawmnak um lo tein kan pom khoh.

Chinese tuanbia kan zoh tikah Shang Pennak i a ral nagn bik cu “Chi’ang” miphun an si ti kan hmuh. “Chi’ang” miphun puarhrang hna cu Zhou Pennak (1122-256 BC) thlanglei le Shanxi chimlei le Henan hmarlei ah khua an sa (Cosmo 1999:908) i historian Ebrey nih cun, “Proto-Tibeto-Burman holh hmangtu hna hringsortu an si theo lai,” tiah a ti. Historian cheukhat nih cun Shang Pennak hi 1766-1122 BC si dingin an ruah (Roberts 2006:4; cf Keightley 1999:232). Cu bantukin thil a si ahcun “Chi’ang” miphun cu 1766-1122 BC karlak ah cun atu lio Szichuan Province, Shanxi Province le Gansu Province hrawnghrang ah an rak um cang tink a si lai. Holhlei cawnnak i mithiam sang hna zong nih “Chi’ang” miphun an rak umnak hmun hi “Tibeto-Burman” holh hmangtu hna an rak i semnak a si tiah bia an fehter cang (Grierson 1967:43).

Shang bawipa nih cun “Chi’ang” miphun cu a chim tawn hna i sal caah le rai thawinak caah a rak hman tawn hna. Thonginn i an tantermi “Chi’ang” miphun hna nih cun Chinese tuanbia tialnak “oracle bone” tuahser cu rak thiam dawhdang ngai an si. Cu lawng hlah, a langh ning ah cun rang le tuu hna zong rak zuat dawhdang an si (Cosmo 1999:908; Vumson 1986:28). Chinese pawl nih cun “Chi’ang” miphun cu an rak zomhtaih ngai hna i ramdang mi bantukin an rak ruah hna (Cosmo 1999:887). Historian Ebrey nih, “Chi’ang” miphun hi, “Proto-Tibeto-Burman hringsortu an si theo lai,” (2003:30) a timi kha historian Roberts tu nih cun fiang tein, “Chi’ang” miphun cu “Proto-Tibeto-Burman” hringsortu an sinak kha a van langhter (Roberts 2006:42). Cucaahcun, “Chi’ang” miphun cu “Chin” miphun a kan hringsortu an si tiah kan ti khawhnak hi a si.

Hi bantukin thil a hong si tikah cun kan pupa hna nih Chin miphun kan thohkehnak i an rak chimmi cu dik dawhdang ngai a hong si. “Chinlung chuak kan si,” tiah kan rak ti tawnmi zong cu a diknak zawn um dawhdang a si. Tibeto-Burman holh hmang pawl chuahkehnak a si tiah an rak chimmi Yellow Tivapi le Yangze Tivapi karlak ram, Szichuan Province chaklei ah khin “Qin [Chin] Ling” an timi a um i cucu tlang ngan ngaimi a si. “Ling” timi cu Chinese holh a si i “Tlang” tinak a si (Ebrey 2003:11; NEB 12:16). “Chin Tlang” nih a kulhmi hmunram nuam ngaiin a rami an si caah, “Chinlung chuak kan si,” tiah rak i auh dawhdang an si bik. Cucaahcun, “Chinlung” an rak timi zong cu “Chin Ling” timi bia in a rami si dawh bik a si. Hi bantukin thil a si ahcun kan miphun min “Chin” timi zong cu kan minhram “Chi’ang” timi in maw, asiloah kan pupa hna an rak umnak hmunram kulhtu “Chin Ling” min cawiin maw rat dawh bik a hong si cang. Hi thil fianternak caah Chinese pawl le Chin miphun pehtlaihnak hla zong an rak ngei:

Pheilek cawmpei hawile mirang lu hawi cu e,
Kingtial nam hein nelrawn tual cungah,
Hei tawnpi ning sarlam in (Sangcem 2015:51).

Hi hla thing ah hin (Chinese) “Pheilek” lu an tannak le a sawm an tuknak kha fiang tein kan hmuh. Hi caan lio hin ral thahnak ca i an rak hmanmi [kingkawt] “kingtial” nam zong rak neih dawh an si cang. Hi lawng si hlah an rak umnak hmunram hi Szichuan Nelrawn si dawh ngai a si. Fiang tein kan chim khohmi tu cu Chinese pawl he hin kan Chin pupa hna hi an rak i chim i an rak i tu tawn timi hi a si. Kan chim cia bantukin Shang Pennak chan lio le a hnu deuh zong ah Chinese pawl he hin an rak i chim i an rak i that tawn timi hi zumh lo awk tha loin kan hmuh (Cosmo 1999:908).

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